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Normalizing ( Air quenching) is a heat treatment process in which steel is heated 40°-50° C above re-crystallization temperature , hold for some time and then air cooled to the room temperature. It is one of the heat treatment process which is used for ferrous materials only.  Fig. - air cooled steel components This treatment refine the grain structure and increase uniformity of micro-structure and propertied of hot rolled steel.   Normalizing process  use to remove internal stress. It gives rise to the bainite, martensite and perlite. Normalizing require less cost than annealing due to air cooling. Due to normalizing, hardness of steel increase and ductility decrease.

Annealing (Softening)  is a heat treatment process in which steel is heated beyond the critical temperature (to   𝛾 -iron ) (or above recrystallize temperature), maintaining a suitable temperature for a suitable amount of time and then allow slow cooling (furnace cooling). Fig.- full annealed steel knife Purpose of annealing :   To relive the internal stresses To increase ductility ( hence toughness also increase) To reduce hardness Refinement of grain structure Improve plasticity, hence facilitate machining and cold deforming processes. In annealing, slow cooling result in formation of spherical carbide and coarse perlite, which are very soft product. Type of annealing : Full annealing Process annealing Spherodise annealing Diffusion annealing ( Homogenizing or Uniform annealing)

know the Heat Treatment...! Heat treatment is defined as the operations involving the heating and cooling of a metal or an alloy within a solid-state to obtain desire properties (physical or chemical) without change composition. The heat treatment process is carried out to change the grain size, modified the crystal structure of the material, and relieve the stress set up in the material after hot or cold working. Heat treatment also uses in many manufacturing processes, eg. glass working. The heat treatment process is performed in the furnace or oven with a controlling the environment of step-by-step heating and cooling within a specific period of time, apart from this the gases are used to control the furnace environment in some processes.  Fig.1 - Heat treatment process of gears Heat treatment consists of heating of metal near of above re-crystallization temperature of the material, hold for a particular time, and then finally cooling the metal in some medium which may be air, ...

latest in AM Car maker BMW group  opened  € 15 million Additive manufacturing facilities in Oberschleissheim, just outside Munich .  Demonstrating AM parts at BMW   The facilities will be utilized as central hub for production, R&D and training purpose. BMW is already leader in industrial scaled 3D printing and printed more than 3,00,000 automobile components last year. The Additive Manufacturing campus allows 80 workers running about 50 industrial AM system, including metals and plastic. Speaking at the opening ceremony, BMW AG Board Member Milan Nedeljković said: “Additive manufacturing is already an integral part of our worldwide production system today, and an established part of our digitalisation strategy. In the future, new technologies of this kind will make production even faster and allow us to benefit even more fully from the potential of toolless manufacturing.”