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What is manufacturing ?

In human civilization, making different things is an essential activity. Today the word manufacturing we used to describe this activity. The word manufacturing comes from the Latin word manus (hand)  and factus ( make), together it means "made by hand".

Technically we can define manufacturing as a physical or chemical process that we use to alter the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of any substance/ raw material to make desire parts or products. Manufacturing includes the assembly of different parts and components. The process to accomplish manufacturing involves the use of machinery, labor, tools, power, etc.

In human evolution, a lot of techniques and processes discovered in manufacturing. Based on how we process raw material, we can simply divide it into subtractive manufacturing, Forming, and Additive manufacturing.

1. Subtractive manufacturing (material removal process) 

As the name suggests, subtractive manufacturing involves cutting away or subtract unnecessary material from an existing material blog or workpiece to get the desire shape and size job. It also is known as machining and different machining process has been developed, where controlled machining speed, material removal rate, etc has been utilized to get desire finish product. Turning, drilling, milling, etc are examples of the material removal process. 

Metal, wood, composite, ceramic, and plastic can be used as a raw material in the machining process. In material removal processing, a cutting tool is used to remove unnecessary material. In modern-day, Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machines are used, where computer compilation is utilized to control milling, lathe, etc operations. 

2. Forming processes 

Forming is a manufacturing process in which material deformation characteristics utilized. Material is permanently deformed ( stress beyond the elastic limit) to get the desire shape and size product. In many forming processes, for finishing purpose post-processing is required to get good dimension accuracy. 

The forming process can also be classified based on applied primary stress, it may be compressive, tensile, shear, or bending. Rolling, extrusion, die forming, and forging is examples of the compressive forming process. Stretching, expanding, and recessing are examples of the tensile forming process. In some processes, compressive and tensile both stress required to deform materials are deep drawing, spinning, etc. 

3. Additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing is a group of manufacturing processes where three-dimensional (3D) CAD data is utilized to built-up component layer by layer. It's just opposite to subtractive manufacturing because instead of material removal, in additive manufacturing new layer of material is added to the previous layer.

Additive manufacturing can be divided mainly into 7 types.

  1. Vat Polymerization
  2. Powder Bed Fusion
  3. Binder Jetting (3D printing)
  4. Material Jetting
  5. Sheet Lamination
  6. Material Extrusion (Extrusion 3D printing)
  7. Directed Energy Disposition

Applications of additive manufacturing are limitless. Earlier it was used for rapid prototyping, to create visual models. More recently it's being used in dental implants, fabrication of aircraft, automobile, medical implant, etc. 

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