Skip to main content

What is manufacturing ?

In human civilization, making different things is an essential activity. Today the word manufacturing we used to describe this activity. The word manufacturing comes from the Latin word manus (hand)  and factus ( make), together it means "made by hand".

Technically we can define manufacturing as a physical or chemical process that we use to alter the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of any substance/ raw material to make desire parts or products. Manufacturing includes the assembly of different parts and components. The process to accomplish manufacturing involves the use of machinery, labor, tools, power, etc.

In human evolution, a lot of techniques and processes discovered in manufacturing. Based on how we process raw material, we can simply divide it into subtractive manufacturing, Forming, and Additive manufacturing.

1. Subtractive manufacturing (material removal process) 

As the name suggests, subtractive manufacturing involves cutting away or subtract unnecessary material from an existing material blog or workpiece to get the desire shape and size job. It also is known as machining and different machining process has been developed, where controlled machining speed, material removal rate, etc has been utilized to get desire finish product. Turning, drilling, milling, etc are examples of the material removal process. 

Metal, wood, composite, ceramic, and plastic can be used as a raw material in the machining process. In material removal processing, a cutting tool is used to remove unnecessary material. In modern-day, Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machines are used, where computer compilation is utilized to control milling, lathe, etc operations. 

2. Forming processes 

Forming is a manufacturing process in which material deformation characteristics utilized. Material is permanently deformed ( stress beyond the elastic limit) to get the desire shape and size product. In many forming processes, for finishing purpose post-processing is required to get good dimension accuracy. 

The forming process can also be classified based on applied primary stress, it may be compressive, tensile, shear, or bending. Rolling, extrusion, die forming, and forging is examples of the compressive forming process. Stretching, expanding, and recessing are examples of the tensile forming process. In some processes, compressive and tensile both stress required to deform materials are deep drawing, spinning, etc. 

3. Additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing is a group of manufacturing processes where three-dimensional (3D) CAD data is utilized to built-up component layer by layer. It's just opposite to subtractive manufacturing because instead of material removal, in additive manufacturing new layer of material is added to the previous layer.

Additive manufacturing can be divided mainly into 7 types.

  1. Vat Polymerization
  2. Powder Bed Fusion
  3. Binder Jetting (3D printing)
  4. Material Jetting
  5. Sheet Lamination
  6. Material Extrusion (Extrusion 3D printing)
  7. Directed Energy Disposition

Applications of additive manufacturing are limitless. Earlier it was used for rapid prototyping, to create visual models. More recently it's being used in dental implants, fabrication of aircraft, automobile, medical implant, etc. 

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Quenching process

Quenching also called Hardening, is a heat treatment process in which steel is heated up to austenite temperature (above it's critical temperature), hold for some time and then cooled in water, oil or molten salt (rapid cooling). Due to rapid cooling, it results very hard structure - martensite (hardest form of Steel). fig.- steel component quench in oil. Due to hardening process hardness of steel increases and bitterness also increases. (brittleness increases hence hardened Steel nay not directly use). Quenching is always follow by tempering process. Due to rapid cooling in hardening process metal shape shrink, internal residual stresses are setup. That's the reason why hardening is follow by tempering.
Post a Comment
Read more

Additive Manufacturing processes

  What is Additive Manufacturing? As the name suggests, Additive Manufacturing (also known as 3D printing) is a group of manufacturing techniques , which manufacture parts by adding successive layers of material with the help of computer control systems. Various materials that can be used in additive manufacturing (AM) are plastic, metal, concrete, also human tissue. In the additive manufacturing process, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is created and utilized to manufacture 3-Dimension (3D) objects. Various CAD-CAM software is required to Design, Analyze, and Manufacture parts. Once CAD data is produced, Slicing software slices the design in different layers (as required by different  AM processes), and then data utilized to manufacture required material parts. Different terms like “3D printing” and “rapid prototyping” are also casually used to describe Additive manufacturing, but each one is a subset of additive manufacturing. Hence in the simple sense, Additive manufacturing technology
Post a Comment
Read more

Mathematic modeling of polymer extrusion process

  Q-3. Briefly explain the mathematical modelling of any one of the manufacturing processes. Ans:   Mathematical model of polymer extrusion process : Polymer material consists of long chain molecules. In extrusion of thermoplastic polymers, important parameters are Material flow and type of flow Heat transfer in flow Residence time Mixing of particles in flow in multiple polymers, etc. To analyse these parameters, mathematical models are useful. Using governing equations and boundary conditions (B.C), a model is created and a solution is obtained for particular B.C. Governing equations:   To model any flow and thermal transport in the manufacturing process, conservation of mass, conservation of  energy and the force momentum balance equation is used. The equations are as follow, Where, ρ is density,  t is time, T is temperature, V is the velocity vector, μ is dynamic viscosity, F is body force, p is pressure, Cp is specific heat at constant pressure, β is coefficient of volumetric ther
Post a Comment
Read more